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EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels
, 25.9.2007
COM (2007) 551
GREEN PAPER Towards a new culture for urban mobility
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CONTENTS 1. Introduction ................................................. ..................................................
.............. 3 2. Facing the Challenge ............................................... .................................................. ....... 5
2.1 For a flowing towns and cities ........................................ .................................... 6
2.2 For a cleaner city ......................................... .................................................. ....... 8
2.3 For a smarter urban transport ........................................ ............................. 11
2.4 For accessible urban transport ......................................... ................................... 13
2.5 For a safe and secure urban transport ......................................... .......................................... 16
3. For a new culture for urban mobility ........................................... ................... 18
3.1 Improving knowledge ... .......................................... ............................................. 18
3.2 ... and the collection of data ........................................ .................................................. ...... 18
4. Financial resources ................................................ .................................................. .... 19
5. Consultations ................................................. .................................................. ........... 22
WORKING DOCUMENT OF THE COMMISSION SERVICES
Public consultation in preparation for the Green Paper on urban mobility
SEC (2007) 1209 - 25.9.2007.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Over 60% of the EU population lives in urbano1 environment.
just under 85% of EU gross domestic product comes from the city. These are the engine of the
European fuel the economic dynamism
attract investment and jobs.
The city is now home to the vast majority of the population,
entitled to enjoy the best possible quality of life. That is why we require
currently a common reflection on the question of urban mobility.
European cities are different from each other, but they are all facing the same challenges and
are looking for shared solutions.
Across Europe, the increased traffic in city centers causes chronic congestion
, the many adverse consequences (loss of time, pollution). Every year the European economy
lose about 100 billion euro, or 1% of EU GDP, due to this phenomenon
.
air and noise pollution is getting worse year by year. Urban traffic
40% CO2 and 70% of other pollutant emissions from motor vehicles
.
also growing each year the number of road accidents in the city today a fatal accident in three
occurs in urban areas, and victims are mostly the most vulnerable road users: pedestrians and cyclists
.
These problems occur on a local level, but their impact is felt on
continental scale, with consequences such as climate change and global warming,
the increased health problems, bottlenecks in the supply chain, etc..
Local governments alone can not tackle all these problems need for cooperation and coordination at European level
. We must take all together and at all levels -
local, regional, national and European level - a reflection on what has become a
matter of vital importance, namely the urban mobility. The European Union has a duty to
play a role in helping to focus attention on this important issue.
Europe needs to bring its potential to analyze, propose and mobilization for the formulation of policies that
and implemented locally.
In 2006, during the presentation of the interim review of the White Paper on
transport2 the European Commission announced its intention to present a Green Paper on urban transport
.
In recent months, the Commission launched a wide public consultation.
two conferences and four workshops have brought together the main stakeholders
topic. You launched an internet consultation. The Commission received a
Considering the city of more than 10 000 inhabitants (source: Eurostat).
2 COM (2006) 314.
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many contributi3. The Economic and Social Committee delivered its
proposito4.
This consultation process resulted in the avenues mapped out in this Green Paper.
It is confirmed, in particular, a strong expectation from stakeholders for the formulation of
a genuine European policy on urban mobility. With the Green Paper, the Commission
intended to spark a broad public debate on how such a policy could constitute
.
Rethinking urban mobility involves optimizing the use of all modes of transport and organize
-modality between different modes of transport collettivo5 (train, tram,
subway, bus, taxi) and individual (car, motorcycle, bike, walk).
It also involves achieving the common goals of economic prosperity, respecting the right to
mobility through a careful management of transport demand, quality of life and environmental protection
. It means, finally, reconciling the interests of freight transport and transport of
people, whatever the mode of transport.
A European strategy for urban mobility to the expectations of citizens.
Urban mobility is considered a powerful force
growth and employment, as well as a decisive factor for sustainable development in the EU.
The Commission has therefore decided to present a Green Paper on urban mobility,
in order to explore the possibilities of adding value to existing initiatives at the local level
. In the past Several EU policies have already addressed
urban transport. There has been some legislative action, even in a rather fragmented
.
The consultations organized by the Commission in preparation of the Green Paper
provided useful information, under which you have defined a number of options
policies, accompanied by 25 questions for their realization. On the basis of this
Green Paper, the Commission launches a second consultation, which will run until March 15, 2008
, with the aim of presenting the autumn of 2008, an action plan containing proposals and initiatives
concrete for a more sustainable urban mobility.
The action plan will set out for each proposed action, the timing of implementation and the allocation of responsibilities between the various actors
.
The Commission's role is indeed to hold discussions with all stakeholders,
to formulate an overall strategy consistent with the idea
of subsidiarity. The new consultation will address, among other things, the inhabitants of the city
medium-large, users of urban transport (public or private), managers and staff of
public transport companies, local economic operators, including SMEs, the
of urban transport, the automotive industry, national, regional and local
, representatives and associations in the relevant fields. 3
Working Paper of the Commission: Public consultation in preparation for the Green Paper on urban mobility
- SEC (2007) 1209 - 25.9.2007.
4
EESC 615/2007. 5
Public transport has a broader meaning of public transport, as it includes, for example
, even the taxi and transport services on request.
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This strategy is based not only on the results of two consultations and the experience already acquired by the Commission in
urban transport since 1995, with the Green Paper and
the Communication "Developing the network Citizens' 6. Will be made of the numerous
learning from the research and development.
The guiding idea that recurs most often is that such a policy urban mobility
that aspires to be effective, it must adopt an integrated approach as possible, incorporating the
solutions best suited to each individual problem: technological innovation, development of transport
clean, safe and smart, economic incentives and amendments to legislation.
This overall strategy will take into account all the relevant initiatives undertaken by the
policies, with the continued commitment to contribute effectively to the implementation of the Lisbon Strategy
.
The European Union must play a role in helping to change without
imposing top-down solutions that could be inappropriate the diverse local situations.
The European added value may take various forms: exchange of good practices
at all levels - local, regional and national -, definition of common standards and harmonization of regulations
; financial support to those who are most in need, promoting
applied research to improve mobility, safety and environmental protection;
legislative simplification and sometimes repealing existing legislation or introducing new disciplines
.
The strategy developed at European level can only take root through
action carried out locally: the local authorities will then enter involved, to implement in a concrete
urban mobility policy appropriate to their context.
invent a new culture for urban mobility.
the challenge of sustainable development in urban areas is immense: that of reconciling
one hand, the economic development of cities and the accessibility of their territory and, secondly, the
quality of life and environmental protection.
Faced with these problems from multiple implications, it should be a joint effort to
support research into innovative and ambitious urban transport,
that enables you to make our cities more viable, more accessible, more safer and less polluted.
Together, we must find the means to achieve better urban mobility and suburban
sustainable mobility, a mobility for all European citizens, but also
allowing traders to feel comfortable in the city.
2. MEETING THE CHALLENGE
Urban mobility should facilitate the economic development of cities, the quality of life of
inhabitants and the protection of their environment. In this perspective, European cities must
face five challenges to be overcome in an integrated approach.
6 COM (95) 601, COM (1998) 431.
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2.1 For a flowing towns and cities
The issue:
traffic congestion is one of the main problems identified during the consultations
. Has a negative impact on the economic, social, health, environmental degradation and
building. The phenomenon is concentrated mainly in the urban ring roads and
affects the capacity of the transport network (TEN-T). Flowing
allow people and goods to arrive on time and to limit these negative effects
. At local level there is the difficult challenge of mitigating the negative impact of congestion and
, whilst ensuring the viability economic urban areas.
should be rewarded the efforts of pioneering cities to combat congestion.
options:
The experience of stakeholders show that there is no single solution to the problem of congestion
. It should however be made more attractive and safe alternative to private car use
, such as walking, cycling, public transport or in
motorcycle and scooter. It should enable people to optimize their travel through efficient
of various modes of transport. The authorities should promote
modality and reallocate the space that becomes available measures
reducing congestion. It has been shown that congestion can be mitigated with systems
"intelligent" and adaptive traffic.
Promoting walking and cycling ...
To improve the attractiveness and safety of walking and cycling,
regional and local authorities should work towards a full integration of these modes
in urban mobility policies, both in the development and monitoring.
more attention is required for the development of adequate infrastructure. You can use
innovative forms of involvement of families, children and young people
in developing policies. The walking and cycling can be encouraged through initiatives
level city or neighborhood, workplace and schools, such as games on the road
, surveys on road safety or educational. Stakeholders have proposed that
bigger towns and cities could consider the possibility of appointing a
officer specifically for walking and cycling.
... Optimising the use of private
You can promote a lifestyle less dependent
through new solutions such as car sharing (Car-sharing ").
a more sustainable use of the private car can be driven through its common use (carpooling),
from which the car carrying more people and then the streets are less congested
. Another solution may also include "virtual mobility" teleworking, teleshopping, etc..
As noted in the consultation, to reduce the number of cars in the center
citizens should also be a sensible policy on parking. The proliferation of
parking areas, especially if free, in the long run encourages car use in cities
. Parking fees may serve as an economic instrument. The rates of
parking can be varied according to the public space available and
serve as an incentive (eg free parking spaces in the suburbs and high fees in the middle).
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With Park & \u200b\u200bRide facilities can provide an incentive for private transport and collective
. In this way, through the integration of transport modes and a continuous
connection with public transport systems efficient and well organized, it was possible - as
Monaco of Bavaria - free traffic from the city center.
In some cases, make require new infrastructure, but the first step should be
explore the possibility of making better use of existing infrastructure.
urban charging schemes, such as in London and Stockholm, have a positive impact on traffic density
. The Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) allow for optimal planning of
routes, better traffic control and easier management of the application.
Use flexible and varied infrastructure such as in Barcelona (flexible
bus lanes, loading areas and parking flexible), can alleviate the pressure on road space
. The concept of
Mobility Management complements traditional measures focusing
by influencing travel behavior before and moving the
focus on more sustainable transport choices. The development of a specific plan
local mobility may be prescribed, for example, between the formalities required to obtain a real estate promoters
planning permission. Stakeholders have also suggested
the idea of \u200b\u200ba "mobility impact assessment" for large infrastructure projects.
... Not to mention the transportation of goods
Freight Logistics has a size urbana7. According to subjects concerned, any
urban mobility policy must include both components of the transport:
people and goods. The distribution in urban areas requires efficient interfaces between the well-designed transport
long-haul and short-distance transport to reach the final destination.
for local distribution can use smaller vehicles, more efficient and clean.
should be reduced through appropriate technical and planning, the negative impact of the transit of
means of long-haul freight through the city.
The service economy creates new demands for road space. There is evidence that 40% of vehicles other than passenger
for private use is made of service vehicles (vehicles
for moving, maintenance services, small deliveries, etc.).. Courier services often use
motorcycles and mopeds. The distribution in urban areas and zones with
regulated access is possible, but requires careful planning of the routes to avoid empty runs or
unnecessary driving and parking. All actors must be involved in finding appropriate solutions
.
freight distribution in urban area should be better integrated into
local political and institutional settings. While the public transport of passengers is generally supervised
the competent administrative body, the transport of goods
is left entirely to the responsibility of the private sector.
Local authorities need to consider all urban logistics - freight and passenger - as one
logistics system. 7
This dimension will also be elaborated in the "Action Plan on logistics, which is currently in preparation
.
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1.
Should there be a sort of "brand" for
recognize the efforts of pioneering cities to combat congestion and to improve living conditions
?
2.
What measures could be taken to encourage city dwellers to
walking and cycling as an alternative to the car?
3.
What can be done to promote a modal shift towards sustainable modes of transport
in town?
What could be the potential role of the EU?
2.2 For a cleaner city
The issue:
environmental problems prevailing in the city are related to the prevailing
petroleum-based fuels, emitting CO2 and air pollutants
and noise.
Transport is one of the most difficult to manage in terms of CO2 emissions.
Despite advances in automotive technology, the growth in traffic, driving style
"hiccup" is typical of urban traffic that cities are a major
sources of CO2 emissions, and growing. CO2 emissions are one of the factors
determinants of climate change that are altering the ecosystem at an alarming
of our planet, so it became urgent to take measures to limit the impact
. The European Council has set a target reduction of 20% of
greenhouse gas emissions by 20,208. To achieve this objective requires the joint contribution
all sources.
With a commitment agreed on a voluntary basis between the European Commission
automotive industry, emissions of CO2 from new passenger cars sold in the EU are
decreased by 12.4% between 1995 and 2004. In a communication dated February 20 079,
the Commission presented a comprehensive new strategy to enable the EU to
reach the target of 120 g by 2012. A legislative framework should allow
to bring CO2 emissions to 130 g / km through engine technology improvements
and a further reduction of 10 g / km by other
technological improvements and increased use of biofuels. Even
atmospheric pollutant emissions from vehicles have been reduced through a gradual strengthening of
Euro standards for emissions. As a result of the EU regulation sets limits
gradually lower for new vehicles over the past 15 years, ie since it was first adopted
EURO standard, it was possible to obtain an overall reduction of 30-40% of emissions
nitrogen oxide and particulate matter from road transport, despite rising traffic volumes
. 8
Compared to 1990, the European Council Conclusions, 8-9 March 2007.
9 COM (2007) 19. IT IT
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However, despite these improvements, environmental conditions are still unsatisfactory: the
local authorities are struggling to comply with the prescribed parameters for air quality as the standard
of particles and nitrogen oxides in ambient air, the harmful effects public health.
noise reduction has been facilitated by a European directive on noise mapping. In
based on information collected within the framework of the Directive on rumore10,
local authorities are now able to prepare plans to reduce noise and to implement concrete measures. The
plans to reduce noise are developed by the exchange of information
level EU. According to stakeholders, the noise can be mitigated by making the source
stricter EU standards for noise emissions from road and rail and
tires. Even the underground transport systems can contribute to reducing noise
in the city.
The EU must continue to promote and subsidize the expansion, rehabilitation and retraining
of clean urban public transport such as trolley buses, trams, metro and suburban rail
and other projects on sustainable urban transport.
Options: New Technologies
... As the industry and in the European emissions limits, Technology
conventional combustion engine tends to become cleaner.
catalytic converters and particulate filters will help to significantly reduce pollutant emissions in the coming years
. Many research and technological development have been co-financed by the EU
oriented technologies for clean and energy efficient vehicles and
alternative fuels such as biofuels, hydrogen cells and combustibile11.
The environmental performance of fleet
could be further improved through the introduction of common minimum standards for the operation of vehicles. A gradual
tightening of these standards over time could lead to a continuous process
retrofitting or phasing out of old vehicles
highly polluting. Such an approach could encourage the use of clean energy and energy
in urban transport and in the long term prevent the distribution of leopard spot
low-emission zones.
Wider dissemination of new technologies on the market should be promoted both
economic instruments as incentives for the purchase and operation of clean and energy efficient
by public bodies, or by other means, such as restrictions
imposed on vehicles highly polluting and privileged access to sensitive areas to those with low
issue, provided that such measures do not distort the internal market.
possibilities exist for the exchange of best practices on clean urban transport also
overseas, leveraging the knowledge and experience gained in community initiatives such as
CIVITAS12, where certain projects allow
10
Directive 2002/49/EC.
11 See, for example, COM (2007) 541 final. - Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament,
the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - Towards
a mobility safer, cleaner and more efficient at European level: the first report on
Intelligent Car of 09/17/2007.
12
Website of Civitas:
http://www.civitas-initiative.eu/ IT IT
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countries to capitalize on the experience gained in the cities of EU
integrated approaches to urban mobility. In terms of availability of long-term
of energy resources and in terms of price, Europe has a strategic interest in promoting growth
low intensity in other parts of the world.
international dialogue in this area may also create export opportunities for European industry
.
... With the support of green procurement
As proposed by the Commission 13 and proposed by stakeholders during consultations
, the marketing of clean and energy efficient
can be supported by green public procurement. "
One possibility would be to establish as a criterion for awarding contracts, as well
the price of the vehicle, the internalisation of external costs of fuel,
CO2 and pollutant emissions for all the arch of the vehicle life
-tendered. The inclusion of long-term costs in the procurement process
help in raising awareness on operating costs, giving a competitive advantage to
vehicles cleaner and more efficient in terms of energy, while lowering the total cost
. The public sector thereby an example of "sustainable economics"
could be followed by other market participants. In addition, public procurement could
give preference to new Euro standards. The earlier feature
clean vehicles could also improve air quality in cities.
The Commission intends to submit a revised proposal to that effect by the end of 2007. ... And
joint green procurement
Some authorities have improved the environmental performance of their fleet of taxis and public vehicles
by procuring cleaner vehicles and offering economic incentives
to private operators. Have also contributed to environmental improvement,
in different cities, the public funding of new infrastructure for distributing
alternative fuels. Joint procurement of clean and energy efficient
the public authorities could accelerate the market development of new technologies and ensure
economic prosperity. The Commission is already providing
the organization of tenders, "environmentally friendly" jointly by public authorities across the EU through projects
pilota14. Given the results of these projects, the Commission
could envisage a wider application of such measures.
... And a new way to drive
should encourage eco-driving, driving style that is less wasteful of energy
, in particular by driving schools and the training of professional drivers
. Electronic driver support systems, could improve the behavior
steering wheel. A notable contribution in this respect will also have a
better infrastructure, improved systems to control traffic and cars
more "intelligent".
13 Proposal for a Directive on the promotion of clean road transport vehicles. COM (2005) 634.
14
STEER Program:
http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy/intelligent/index_en.html IT IT
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traffic restrictions?
In some cases, restrictions have been imposed on local traffic and urban tolls. These individual actions are commendable
the positive results already achieved. However, according to some stakeholders, there is
the risk of creating a mosaic of urban areas with new dividing lines in Europe.
Some authorities, for example, restricting access to the city center under the rules
Euro, others use different criteria.
A lot of stakeholders have called for guidelines and standards harmonized at EU level to
the "Zones" (pedestrian areas, limited access, speed limits, congestion charging,
etc..) In order to promote the dissemination of such measures without creating disproportionate barriers to
mobility of people and goods. Moreover, the harmonization and interoperability of
similar technologies to reduce costs. The idea of \u200b\u200ba European registry of all
vehicles, cross-border enforcement in all EU cities, as suggested by some stakeholders
considering.
4.
How could we increase further the use of clean technologies and
energy efficient urban transport?
5.
How could joint green procurement be promoted?
6.
should establish criteria and guidelines on the "Green Zones" and
restrictive measures in force in them? What is the best way to ensure that
not hamper the freedom of movement? It would be desirable for the application
border of the local rules governing Green Zones?
7.
How can you promote eco-driving?
What could be the potential role of the EU?
2.3 For a smarter urban transport
The issue:
European cities are confronted with a growing flow of goods and passengers. However, the
lack of space and environmental constraints do not allow unlimited
expand the infrastructure to cope with this growth. Faced with this situation, the persons concerned have found that
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) are still not enough exploited
for the purposes of efficient management of urban mobility, or are
without due attention to interoperability.
options:
processing of traffic data and routes can provide information, assistance and
dynamic control of transport to passengers, drivers, fleet operators and network operators
. Some applications are already being used for road, rail and river
. In the coming years, these applications will be enhanced by
satellite system Galileo, which will allow a more precise localization. IT IT
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Smart charging systems ...
There is a growing realization that smart charging
be an effective method of managing demand. The use of ITS in public transport
allows better management of operations and new services (fleet management, information systems
users, ticketing systems, etc.).. To enable data exchange between
all these applications, it is necessary to develop protocols for data exchange. Subjects
parties stressed on the one hand, that standards should be interoperable and lend
innovation and, second, that payment systems should use
intelligent smart cards "or electronic smart cards, interoperable between different transport modes, including
different functions (payment for the transport itself, other services, parking fees,
systems and customer loyalty), between areas and, longer term, from one country to another
. The system should include the possibility of varying rates according
hours or classes of users (eg peak / off peak).
... Better information for better mobility
One of the critical success factors of mobility in urban networks is the ability for the user,
to make an informed choice the mode and time of transport.
This depends on the availability of adequate information, interactive and user-friendly information about routes
multi-modal planning and organizing an itinerary.
According to stakeholders, ITS allows a dynamic management of existing
. With a more efficient use of road space can earn 20-30% or more
additional capacity. The result is particularly important, since the margin
road space in cities is generally very limited.
active management of urban transport infrastructure can have
positive impact on safety and the environment. A particular area for ITS could be the management of
seamless connections between networks at the urban-interurban.
The efficiency of urban goods can be increased with the help of ITS,
in particular through better timing of operations, higher loading factors and
more efficient use of vehicles. It requires integrated systems that combine the
intelligent route planning, driver assistance systems, intelligent vehicles and
interaction with infrastructure.
The public and private actors should be fully engaged in the entry
in terms of these applications and services from the early stages. This process should take part
technology providers, infrastructure and transport operators, service providers
value-added, digital mapmakers, enforcement agencies and members
infrastructure.
It was suggested that the Commission should support a wider dissemination of good practices in the field of ITS
. More specifically, the establishment of a framework for the use of ITS
8.
should create and promote better information services for passengers?
9.
Increased efforts are needed to ensure standardization of interfaces
interoperability of ITS applications in the city?
What applications should take priority when action is taken?
10.
Regarding ITS, how could the exchange of information and best practices among
all concerned?
IT
What could be the potential role of the EU? IT
in EU towns and cities, particularly with regard to interoperability and exchange of data and information
. 2.4 To
accessible urban transport
The issue:
Accessibility is primarily concerned individuals.
easy access to transport infrastructure city \u200b\u200bmust be allowed to persons with disabilities or reduced mobility
, the elderly, adults with small children and children themselves.
Accessibility also the quality of access for people and businesses, the system of urban mobility
up of infrastructure and service.
Urban infrastructure, including roads, bike paths, etc.. As well as trains, buses,
public spaces, car parks, bus stops, stations, etc.. Should be of optimal quality
. It also requires efficient connections within the city and the surrounding region,
between urban and interurban networks, and with the European transport network (TEN-T).
is particularly important to have good connections with airports, railway stations
and ports, and to intermodal transport of goods, so
interconnect the different modes of transport.
addition, users expect public transport to cater to their needs in terms of
quality, efficiency and availability. To meet these needs, a public transport service
must be not only accessible, but also frequent, fast, reliable and convenient.
Experience shows that the modal shift from private to public transport is often hampered by
quality of service, the slowness and unreliability of transport
pubblico15.
According to stakeholders, there is insufficient attention to the modality and a lack
integrated solutions in the field of public transport such as suburban rail, tram or train
combinations of well-located parking at public transport terminals in the outskirts of clusters
urban. For its part, the freight logistics needs of ports and terminals in
suburban areas.
options:
Collective transport meeting the needs of citizens ...
The interim review of the Transport White Paper has highlighted the need to protect
the fundamental rights of people of all means of transport, with particular regard to
people with reduced mobility. Stakeholders have recommended that the Commission
promote the idea of \u200b\u200ba European Charter on rights and obligations of users of public transport services
.
As highlighted by the stakeholders, what the public expects from
collective transport that meets their basic needs for mobility and accessibility. In
15
According to studies on services of general interest, the urban transport, including public utilities,
what consumers are least satisfied with the Union European Union. The 13% EU-25 meets
difficult access to public transport, while 4% have no access at all.
http. / / Ec.europa.eu / consumers / cons_int / serv_gen / cons_satisf / index_en.htlm
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a changing society and is getting older, intelligent mobility solutions.
Efficiency is the watchword: the public transport can not become competitive if it does not reach
travel times comparable to those of the automobile.
People expect even more flexible solutions to transport goods and passengers.
In many places, taxi companies have already begun to explore new markets. It
could use smaller vehicles for demand responsive services. "
A particular challenge is represented by the social aspects of urban mobility.
urban transport must be accessible to everyone, even for people with low income.
the elderly and handicapped persons should be able to enjoy increased mobility and more comfortable.
Personal mobility is key to independence.
... Based on an appropriate EU legal framework
pubblici16 The two procurement directives are fully applicable to service contracts as
public transport by bus and tram. In addition, the new
regulation on public passenger transport by road and ferrovia17 will provide greater transparency and help
public authorities and operators to improve the quality and efficiency.
The new regulation allows the competent authorities to impose public service obligations
for the provision of services of general interest in the field of land transport
people and authorizes the imposition of social tariffs. If the performance of public service obligations
involves financial compensation and / or the award of an exclusive right
is required to conclude a contract between the authority
and an operator selected by tender.
Both directives that the new Regulation, the competent authorities may
carry out the services themselves or contract. They can introduce
selection criteria relating to the ability of candidates and award criteria concerning the quality of the service
.
... Through innovative solutions and expertise to
One of the recommendations arising from the consultation was that the European Commission
promote a more economical solution in the field of public transport such as buses
expressed as an alternative to trams and underground, more expensive. The system of express bus
offers a fast and frequent lanes and often with type
underground stations. Could be promoted innovative good practices which have proved successful.
a particular option is the use of taxis clean and equipped with STI as part of the chain of collective transport
for a tailor-made. " Consultation has also underlined the need for guidance on
intermodal terminals for public transport.
Good accessibility also requires that shops, through the transport network
urban areas with commercial, industrial, office and general areas of economic activity
, including ports, inland ports and freight terminals, to allow a quick and easy access
16
Directive 2004/17/EC and Directive 2004/18/EC of 31 March 2004.
17
Regulation on public passenger transport services by road and rail
and repealing Regulations (EEC) No 1191/69 and (EEC) No 1107/70 (interinstitutional procedure
2000/0212 (COD)).
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to employees, customers, service providers, carriers. This is particularly important in
presence of restricted areas.
Urban transport needs to have highly qualified personnel.
targeted training programs, for example to "eco-driving, as suggested during the consultations,
can raise the skill level of personnel or public transport
goods and, at the same time, help reduce CO2 emissions and pollution.
Europe is the destination for many tourists from all over the world, many of whom visit the city
. Tourism contributes to economic development and employment. According to the parties concerned
, tourists are a separate category of transport users, with
their needs in terms of size and patterns, which can put specific pressure on
urban transport systems. This should be kept in mind accessibility
the city limits and within it.
... Through balanced land use and an integrated approach to urban mobility
The main actors and, in particular, representatives of the cities participating in exchange networks
experiences have highlighted the problem of urban agglomerations have to face
the challenge of improving accessibility for all basins fed by the development
metropolitan life. The trend towards suburbanisation and urban sprawl lead to a
spatially segregated land use, low-density settlement. The resulting
dispersal of housing, work and recreation results in increased demand for
trasporto18. The lower density of settlement in peri-urban areas
hinders the provision of public transport services of sufficient quality to attract a large number of users
. It becomes more difficult to organize health care for the elderly if they lack appropriate transport solutions
(on top of "social isolation"). To better serve
suburbs are desirable solutions tailor-made, such as transport on demand or
lines that intersect the urban networks in mostly radial structure, which is oriented towards the city center. According
subjects concerned, a good coordination between different authorities
is paramount in addressing the challenges of urban mobility. It can also
urban mobility could benefit from the integration between different policy areas, such as urban planning, economic and social affairs
, transport, etc..
efficient planning of urban mobility plans should focus on integrating mobility
large conurbations and metropolitan
including the transport of both goods and persons within the perimeter of the city and the metropolitan area. Actors
stressed the need for appropriate organizational structures to facilitate the development
and the implementation of these plans. The Thematic Strategy on
urbano19 identified a number of environmental problems
that could be resolved through the development and implementation of sustainable urban transport plans
(PTUS) 20. Under this strategy, the European Commission is committed to
issue guidelines for the preparation of such plans. On the occasion of 18
European Environment Agency report: "Urban sprawl in Europe: an environmental challenge
ignored", 2006.
19 COM (2005) 718. 20 See
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/urban/urban_transport.htm IT IT
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publication of this Green Paper and the ongoing debate on urban transport,
seems appropriate to continue the theme of PTUS in connection with the action plan on urban mobility
.
11.
How can improve the quality of collective transport in European cities
?
12.
should be encouraged in the construction of dedicated lanes for collective transport?
13.
There is a need to adopt a European Charter on rights and duties of
users of public transport?
14.
What measures could be undertaken to better integrate the transport of persons and goods
in research and planning of urban mobility?
15.
How can you achieve a better coordination between urban planning and urban and interurban transport
? What kind of organizational structure could be eligible
?
What could be the potential role of the EU?
2.5 For a safe and secure urban transport
The issue:
every EU citizen should be able to live and travel in safety and security
in urban areas. The personal risk should be minimal for those who go on foot, by bicycle
, or driving a car or truck. This implies a
good set of infrastructure, especially at intersections. Citizens are becoming more aware of
they must act responsibly to protect their lives and those of other
.
in 2005 were killed on EU roads persone21 41 600. It is far from the town of
25 000 fatalities a year by 201,022. About two-thirds of the accidents and one third of those fatalities occur in
city and the victims are vulnerable road users.
the risk of being killed in a road accident is six times higher for cyclists and pedestrians for motorists
. The victims are often women, children and elderly.
The widely felt sense of insecurity inhibits certain categories of people from
travel by public transport. This concerns not only vehicles, stations and stops
bus or tram, but also the stretch of road to be traveled on foot to reach the
stop and vice versa. This results in an unnecessary car use and the fact that many people
forego having an active life.
options:
21
CARE: Community database on road accidents.
22 COM (2001) 370. IT IT
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European policy on road safety covers behavioral, infrastructural and related
vehicles.
Safer behavior ...
For better road safety, the parties have proposed to the Commission
further promote good practice and engaging in a dialogue
more intensive and structured with the local and regional stakeholders and with Member States, especially on
new technologies and in particular on ITS.
To increase public awareness on driving behavior, are of high priority
education and information campaigns. You can organize special
road safety campaigns and special initiatives for training young for that matter,
one of the next European road safety
could be devoted to urban areas. Stakeholders have proposed to motivate safe behavior
among cyclists, for example by encouraging helmet use across Europe by promoting the research
more ergonomic design of helmets. It was considered essential
strict application of the rules of the road even against cyclists and motorcyclists. It is suggested that the EU
support activities to generalize the use of control devices
breaches in the city, towards all road users. Infrastructure ...
safer
According to stakeholders, to give a greater sense of safety for citizens must be
action on the urban environment in various ways. First, it is important to have a good infrastructure,
sidewalks for pedestrians and cyclists. Better visibility, for example by providing better
street lighting, and the visible presence of law enforcement officers on the streets
can make citizens feel safer. ITS solutions can also make a substantial contribution
, providing rapid and appropriate information and allowing for adjustment
traffic management. It has been suggested that the EU define recommendations for the integration of
criteria for safety and reliability of transport in the design of urban infrastructure.
A question in itself is anti-terrorism security in urban transport.
The Commission will soon issue a statement on the matter.
Safer Vehicles Safer vehicles ...
is particularly important in urban areas where they share the
road with pedestrians, bicycles and public transport. The technology can be in the service of
safety, such as devices to enhance night vision, avoid clashes and
warn the driver in case of drowsiness or the brake booster. Communications from the European Commission
on the "eSafety" ("Information and communications
for safe and intelligent vehicles ") 23 and on the Intelligent Car"
("Raising Awareness of ICT for vehicles smarter, safer and cleaner") 24
under the i2010 provide valuable solutions applicable to urban context. The
Passenger transport could also be done with "city vehicles, while trucks and cars
over-dimensioned, in the opinion of those concerned,
be subject to access restrictions.
23 COM (2003) 542 24
COM (2006) 59
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16.
What additional measures should be undertaken to help cities and towns
ensured maximum safety for all road users and urban transport?
17.
How to better inform workers and citizens of the possibilities offered by
advanced security infrastructure and vehicles?
18.
should promote the introduction of automatic radar devices adapted
urban environment?
19.
Video surveillance is a useful tool in ensuring security in urban transport
?
What could be the potential role of the EU?
3. A NEW CULTURE FOR URBAN MOBILITY
3.1 Improving knowledge ...
Consultations have shown that to foster a new culture of urban mobility
"in Europe, you must create partnerships. In this new culture of urban mobility
can also contribute new methods and tools for urban planning.
a leading role belongs to education, training and awareness.
need to improve the skills of professionals in the field of urban mobility.
According to stakeholders, the EU could do more in this field,
systematically promoting training and exchange of personnel.
Mobility Urban has already been the subject of various initiatives to create networks within
of EU regional policy, such as URBACT and Regions for economic change
25. The European Commission intends to strengthen networks and stimulate
creation of new networks in the field of urban mobility in the context of these initiatives.
As suggested in the consultation, the Commission may disclose
and promote its activities in the field of urban mobility policy.
The European Commission could organize a campaign to raise awareness of sustainable urban mobility
in collaboration with the actors already working in this field. A similar initiative could be divided into individual
information and awareness campaigns targeted at specific categories of recipients
, designed to influence their behavior with regard to mobility
. Another proposal is to hold an annual meeting at the European level on
"advanced solutions in the field of urban transport, possibly under the auspices of the CIVITAS Forum
.
3.2 ... and the collection of data
The consultations and previous data collection initiatives, have revealed the existence of
big gaps in the statistics on urban mobility at EU level and lack of definitions
25
See
http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/index_fr.htm IT IT
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common, despite some initiatives in regional policy.
These gaps must be addressed in order to provide the necessary information
policy and operational managers at all levels.
Stakeholders have suggested that the European Commission to set up an observatory in this field
, based on its overall experience in the collection, harmonization and
use of statistical data at European level. Such an observatory could provide political actors
and the general public the necessary information, thereby helping to improve knowledge
urban mobility, but also act as a platform for exchange
for the dissemination of good practice.
20.
The emergence of a new culture for urban mobility in Europe
must be the result of collaboration between all the actors? In support of this collaboration,
may be useful to create a European Observatory on Urban Mobility
based on the model of the European road safety?
4. FINANCIAL RESOURCES
Investments in infrastructure and centers of trade, maintenance and operation of networks
, renewal and review of the material, public awareness campaigns
communication: the financial needs are varied and significant. They are usually borne
local authorities.
recente26 According to a study, over 40% of the cars tram and metro
EU-15 and 67% of the new Member States have more than twenty years and should be replaced
2020.
The financing of urban transport projects requires a mixture of budgetary, regulatory and financial
, including specific local taxes. We must be farsighted.
Financing tools for cities and towns ...
All stakeholders at local, regional, national and EU level must their contribution. Even
users have to contribute and pay a fair price for the services of public transport. But if
are willing to pay, have the right to demand good service. Private financing, usually in the form of
of public-private partnerships, have their role to play, but
within a stable legal framework. Although income from parking fees charged and
of road users can be used to finance urban transport. The toll system introduced in London
city to ease traffic congestion
offers valuable lessons for improving bus services.
Stakeholders have proposed that the EU should consider
the opportunity to extend the scope of the Directive Eurovignette an urban,
toll by making all types of vehicles and infrastructures.
This could also be linked to the development by mid 2008, a harmonized methodology for calculating
external costs of transport.
26
light rail and metro systems in Europe, ERRAC, 2004. IT IT
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According to stakeholders, a more detailed analysis of certain mechanisms such as market
exchange system of allowances, which give emission allowances or credits equivalent
public sector agencies that invest in new infrastructure over
clean. But this should avoid distorting the operation of the system or
diminish the environmental effectiveness.
In its policy on state aid, the Commission has undertaken to take account of
environmental benefits of investment in clean vehicles and the need to adopt
less polluting transport modes. For example, the draft guidelines for the protection of the environment
"27 allow for specific exceptions in the case of aid for the purchase of new vehicles,
to accelerate the adoption of rules before they become mandatory. In addition,
the Commission proposal for a new block exemption regulation expressly provides categoria28
as eligible asset investment in transportation and
equipment other than for road freight and air transport.
Finally, the Commission intends to issue guidelines on state aid in
rail in order to improve transparency and legal certainty regarding
economic activity is gradually opening up to competition, which is an
essential role in ensuring sustainable mobility in Europe. One of the issues that the Commission must address is
the need to replace short-term aging rolling stock,
in the interest of safety, reliability and greater interoperability of rail transport
. This need is particularly acute in certain parts of Europe, so that regional aid
appears to be an appropriate instrument to address this challenge. Community support has many facets ...
Several funding sources are available at EU level, such as the Structural Funds, the Cohesion Fund
and loans from the European Investment Bank. As before, the EU cohesion policy
remain an important source of funds in the regions
beneficiaries during the period 2007-2013. In the previous 2000-2006 period, the Fund
European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) funded projects in the transport sector
for a total of around EUR 35 billion, of which slightly more than 2 billion went to urban transport.
According to planning documents, the ERDF and the Cohesion Fund will contribute almost
8 billion for urban transport during the period 2007-2013. Other
9.5 billion has been allocated for integrated projects for urban and rural regeneration, in which
may also include transport-related investments.
In the period 2007-2013, the instruments of cohesion offer a broader base and more robust
for co-financing of urban transport and collective throughout Europa29. The
regulations for the ERDF and Cohesion Fund explicitly refer to
clean urban transport and public transport, and, for the first time, to integrated strategies for clean transport
. The public authorities, especially in new Member States, should
use these opportunities to upgrade their urban transport systems.
Most of the national strategic reference frameworks of Member States
include sustainable urban transport between the areas. Cohesion instruments
27
Community Guidelines State aid for environmental protection (preliminary draft):
http://ec.europa.eu/comm/competition/state_aid/reform/guidelines_environment_it.pdf 28
Commission proposal for a new Regulation Block Exemption,
adopted on April 24, 2007, SEC (2007) 513 final. 29 See
http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/index_it.htm IT IT
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EU co-financing investments in infrastructure (eg railways and stations
) and rolling stock (clean buses, trolley buses , tram, metro and suburban railways
). Are eligible interventions as well as rehabilitation and upgrading of existing equipment
or installation of new components that are part of an integrated urban transport system
and affordable for all (ITS, traveler information, integrated ticketing
, traffic control, etc. ..) The ERDF may finance investments related to urban transport projects
sustainable or environmentally
designed to facilitate the access of certain population groups (elderly, disabled) to the normal public transport services
. It increasingly finances projects related to intelligent transport systems
.
The European Investment Bank lends investimenti30 EUR 2.5 billion on average every year for
urban transport projects. These include the construction, expansion or rehabilitation of infrastructure
of mass transport and the purchase of rolling stock and
in big cities than in medium cities of Europe.
of its normal lending operations, the EIB has joined the Commission and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
to develop new financial instruments and initiatives
funding.
The Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7) of
promotes research, development and demonstration activities related to mobility urban
the energy aspects of transport, clean urban transport and sustainable mobility for all citizens.
Under the heading "Transport", the FP7 includes an activity area
sustainable urban mobility. It includes technical research, demonstration and policy support
on new transport and mobility concepts, innovative systems management
demand advanced solutions for public transport and innovative strategies for clean urban transport
. Other actions will focus on the development and implementation of transport and mobility concepts
highly innovative, clean and smart. Even the "ICT",
the FP7 funding activities related to mobility and services. Research in
road infrastructure and smart and clean vehicles is conducted independently
the geographical context, but the results can usefully be applied to urban area
.
CIVITAS is a research and demonstration of the Commission for clean urban transport
. The CIVITAS Initiative helps towns and cities to test and
integrated packages of policy and technology aimed at creating
urban transport systems more sustainable, clean and energy efficient. CIVITAS has
co-financed actions in 36 cities so far, a total of EUR 100 million. Under the
FP7 is already born CIVITAS-Plus.
Stakeholders were very favorable to the renewal of
CIVITAS. The CIVITAS approach could pave the way for a program
targeted European funding in favor of clean urban transport activities of the
outside the research framework, as proposed by stakeholders. This program
could focus on actions on a larger scale, in particular the integration of
innovative interventions in cities and metropolitan areas. Ideas for this program
would be reviewed after the adoption of the Action Plan on urban mobility. 30 See
http://www.eib.org/ .
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The "Intelligent Energy - Europe", financed under the Framework Programme for
(CIP) 31, and includes two sub ALTENER
STEER, aimed at promoting, among the other initiatives in the field of renewable energy, alternative fuels and transport
low power consumption.
21.
How could use better and more consistent financial instruments
existing - in particular the structural funds and cohesion - to encourage
an integrated and sustainable urban transport?
22.
What economic instruments, in particular market, may encourage a
clean urban transport and energy-efficient?
23. What
targeted research could help to integrate constraints
planning and development of the city traffic?
24.
city governments should be encouraged to establish a toll
urban? We need a general framework and / or guidance for urban toll
? The revenues should be used to improve urban public transport
? Should internalize the external costs?
25.
What would be the long term, the added value of a financial contribution
targeted European support for clean urban transport and energy
energy?
What could be the potential role of the EU?
5. CONSULTATIONS
The Commission wishes to continue to take into account the views of stakeholders in
continuation of its activities. The Green Paper marks the start of the second phase of
intensive consultation that runs until March 15, 2008. All interested parties are
invited to give their contribution to a European policy for urban mobility in response to
25 questions in this paper and also to
on issues raised by this communication. Unless expressly request confidentiality, their opinions
can be made public.
Comments and suggestions can be sent to:
- e-mail address:
tren-urbantransport@ec.europa.eu - postal address:
European Commission Directorate General for Energy and Transportation Decision No
31 1639/2006/EC of 24 October 2006 (OJ L 310, 9.11.2006, p. 15).. IT IT
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Unit for Clean Transport and Urban
(DM28 02/64)
200, rue de la Loi B
- 1049 Brussels
For more information visit the website of the European Commission
http://ec.europa.eu/transport/clean/index_en.htm .
is important that this Green Paper rapidly leads to concrete actions.
The Commission believes it can develop a concrete action plan as soon as the consultation exercise and
published in early autumn 2008. The plan will include possible actions at EU level,
national, regional, and local industry and citizens. For every action will be carefully identified
the appropriate instruments.
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